Digital Forest Stand Project (DigiFor)

• Eler, Ü. (1988). Türkiye'de boylu ardıç (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) ormanlarında hasılat araştırmaları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü.
• Asan, Ü. (1984). Kazdağı Göknarı (abies equi-trojani aschers. et sinten) ormanlarının hasılat ve amenajman esasları üzerine araştırmalar.
• Saraçoğlu, N. (1988). Kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. subsp. barbata (CA Mey) Yalt.) gövde hacim ve biyokütle tablolarının düzenlenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 41(1).
• Akalp, T. (1978). Türkiye’deki doğu ladini (Picea orientalis Lk. Carr) ormanlarında hasılat araştırmaları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 26(1).
• Alemdağ, Ş. (1962). Türkiye’deki kızılçam ormanlarının gelişimi, hasılat ve amenajman Esasları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten, (11), 160.
• Alemdağ, Ş. (1967). Türkiye’deki Sarıçam Ormanlarının Kuruluşu, Verim Gücü ve Bu Ormanların İşletmesinde Takip Edilecek Esaslar. Or. Araş. Enst. Yay. Teknik Büyten Serisi, (20).
• Sun, O., & Orpak, E. E. M. (1977). Temel Agaç Türlerimizde Tek Agaç ve Birim Alandaki Odun Çesidi Oranlarinin Saptanması. TÜBITAK/TOAG-288 Arastırma Projesi.
• Usta, H. Z. (1991). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) aǧaçlandırmalarında hasılat araştırmaları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü.
• Kahriman, A., Sönmez, T., & Şahin, A. (2017). Antalya ve Mersin Yöresi kızılçam meşcereleri için ağaç hacim tabloları. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 9-22.
• Gülen, İ. (1959). Karaçam hacim tablosu. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University.
• Aykın, R. (1978). Ardıç çift girişli hacim tablosu-Pressler yöntemi ve relaskopla gövde hacmi, Blume-Leiss ve relaskopla ağaç boyu ölçmelerinin sağlık düzeyi. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü dergisi, 24(1), 65-141.
• Kapucu, F., Yavuz, H., Gül, A. U., & Mısır, N. (2002). Kestane meşcerelerinin hasılatı ve amenajman esasları. TÜBİTAK TOGTAG-TARP, 2229.
• Eraslan, İ. (1955). Demirköy ilçesi meşe ormanlarında hacim ve hâsılat araştırmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi A, 5(1 ve 2).

1️⃣ Above-ground biomass (AGB)

Formula: AGB = GS (Growing stock) x FKA x BGF

Description:
GS = Total planted bark trunk volume (m³) for each tree species or tree species group,
FKA = The oven-dry weight of the volume of stem wood previously determined for each species or species group (0.541 t/m³ for conifers and 0.446 t/m³ for conifers).
BCEF = For each tree species or group of tree species, expansion factors are used to expand the biomass to the total above-ground biomass per tree volume (1.31 for broadleaved and 1.212 for coniferous).

2️⃣ Below-ground biomass (BGB)

Formula: BGB = AGB x R

Description:
R = It is the coefficient of conversion of the above-ground vegetative mass of the tree (including roots) to the whole tree. For R (Root-shoot ratio), the FRA-2020 guidelines were used, taking into account the climate zone in which Turkey is located and the average wealth found in forests;
- Broadleaved for productive forests = 0,24
- Coniferous for productive forests = 0,29
- Broadleaved for degraded forests = 0,46
- Coniferous for degraded forests = 0,40

3️⃣ Carbon in above-ground biomass (CAGB)

Formula: CAGB = AGB x CF (FRA, 2020)

Description:
CF = Carbon conversion factor for broadleaved forests (0,48), CF = Carbon conversion factor for Coniferous forests (0,51)

4️⃣ Carbon in below-ground biomass (CBGB)

Formula: CBGB = BGB x CF (FRA, 2020)

Description:
CF = For Broadleaved forests (0,48), CF = For Coniferous forests (0,51)

5️⃣ Carbon in dead wood (CDW)

Formula: CDW = TÜB x 0,01 x 0,47

Description:
To calculate the carbon in dead wood, the carbon conversion factor (CF) is taken as 0.47 according to the FRA (2020) guideline. 1 per cent of TUB is assumed for healthy trees and fallen trees.

6️⃣ Carbon in litter (CL)

Formül: CL = Area x F (Tolunay ve Çömez 2008)

Açıklama:
F1 = For Productive Coniferous forests; 7,5 ton/ha
F2 = For Productive Broadleaved forests; 3,8 ton/ha
F3 = For Degraded Coniferous forests; 1,9 ton/ha
F4 = For Degraded Broadleaved forests; 1 ton/ha

7️⃣ Soil Carbon (SC)

Formül: SC = Area x S (Tolunay ve Çömez 2008)

Açıklama:
S1 = For Productive Coniferous forests; 77 ton/ha
S2 = For Productive Broadleaved forests; 85 ton/ha
S3 = For Degraded Coniferous forests; 19 ton/ha
S4 = For Degraded Broadleaved forests; 21 ton/ha

• FRA. (2020). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020. FAO
• Tolunay, D. (2012). Türkiye’de ağaç servetinden bitkisel kütle ve karbon miktarlarının hesaplamasında kullanılabilecek katsayılar.
• Tolunay, D., & Çömez, A. (2008). Türkiye ormanlarında toprak ve ölü örtüde depolanmış organik karbon miktarları.

In forestry, the process of obtaining a unit amount of wood raw material includes sub-processes such as cutting, logging, loading, transport and stacking. Human, machine and animal power can be utilised for the realisation of these works.

Wood production is calculated in accordance with (OGM, 2019). The unit price is calculated with a general formula;

Unit Price = (Unit Cost / 60) * Standard Time

is found. This formula is generally the formula for wood production, depending on the effect of time on the unit cost. This formula is varied and used to find other sub-costs. These sub-costs form the total cost. These sub-costs are cutting-bucking cost, skidding cost, loading cost, transport-unloading cost and stacking cost.

The unit cost values that need to be explained first in order to formulate this formulation are as follows:
‘machine hourly unit cost (MBM)’, “manpower hourly unit cost (İBM)”, “machine working time (MÇZ)”, ’manpower working time (İÇZ)’

• MBM: is the value of money.
• İBM: is the value of money.
• İÇZ: is unitised as min/100.
• MÇZ: is unitised as min/100.

1️⃣ Cutting-bucking Cost

Formula: Cutting-bucking Unit Price ($/m3) = ( MBM * MÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM * İÇZ ) / 60

Description:
The cutting and bucking work consists of i) walking to the tree to be cut, ii) cleaning the bottom of the tree around the base, pruning the branches of a man's length, determining the direction of the ii) cleaning around the base of the tree, pruning the branches of a man's height, determining the tipping and escape direction, iii) opening the tipping groove with a chainsaw in accordance with the diameter of the bottom and completing the tipping cut with a chainsaw using a wedge, iv) removing the beard, if any, on the bottom log of the fallen tree, removing the knots, pruning the branches with a chainsaw and separating them into product types, v) separating the branches into pieces to turn them into sterile commodities.
Machine working time (MÇZ), labour working time (İÇZ), machine hourly unit cost (MBM) and labour hourly unit cost (İBM) are used to calculate the unit price in cutting and lengthening work. MÇZ and İÇZ are the values taken from (OGM, 2019). These values give the working times of peeled and unpeeled products according to different diameter steps. Since these IWR and MCZ values taken from OGM are not weighted averaged, they cannot be used directly. These values are volumetrically weighted averaged and thus become usable. Unweighted averaged IWR and MCV values can be found on pages 138 and 139 of (OGM, 2019).

2️⃣ Logging Cost

Formula: Logging Unit Price ($/m3) = ( MBM * MÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM * İÇZ ) / 60

Description:
Logging distance is the average distance from the location of the cut trees to the ramp where they will be dragged. The cost of the logging depends on the slope and the distance of the logging. The cost of logging requires the calculation of logging by tractor, logging by cable attached to the tractor and logging by manpower. Logging costs can be explained by various formulae for coniferous and leafy species, depending on different logging methods, different slope values and different logging distances. Therefore, the values of İÇZ and MÇZ vary in the cost of removal. All such wood extraction methods have been functionally formulated for areas with different leaf types and uploaded to the DigiFor system. For detailed information: (OGM, 2019; p. 48).

3️⃣ Loading Cost

Formula: Loading Unit Price ($/m3) = ( MBM * MÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM * İÇZ ) / 60

Description:
Loading is the transfer of the goods brought to the ramp to the transport vehicles. The loading of cubic metres of products onto the lorry with a loader consists of i) going empty from the side of the lorry towards the load, the loader grasping the load, returning full towards the lorry and loading the load onto the lorry, and ii) fixing the products to the lorry with ropes, hooks, etc., respectively. The calculation of the İÇZ and MÇZ varies according to coniferous and leafy species.

4️⃣ Transport Cost

Formula: Transport Unit Price ($/m3) = ( MBM * MÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM * İÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM2 * 3,49 ) / 60

Description:
While calculating the unit price for transport, machine working time (MÇZ), labour working time (İÇZ), machine hourly unit cost (MBM) and labour unit costs of labour hourly unit cost in transport (İBM1) and labour hourly unit cost in unloading (İBM2) are used. For transport, the İÇZ and the MÇZ are calculated as follows.

5️⃣ Stacking Cost

Formula: Stacking Unit Price ($/m3) = ( MBM * MÇZ ) / 60 + ( İBM * İÇZ ) / 60

Description:
Machine working time (MÇZ), worker working time (İÇZ), machine hourly unit cost (MBM) and worker hourly unit cost (İBM) are used to calculate the unit price in stacking work. In stacking work, İÇZ= 4.20 min/100 and MÇZ= 3.17 min/100 are used as fixed values.

5️⃣ Cubic metre and stere conversion

Description:
If unit ster is selected in production; production unit prices are re-proportioned according to the table below.

References

• OGM (2019). General Directorate of Forestry, Communiqué No. 310 on the Production of Wood-Based Forest Products, Turkey. OGM, Communiqué No. 310